Unraveling Urban Mobility Nodes: The Role of BRT Trans Semarang Feeders in Public Transportation Transformation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30997/jgs.v11i2.21876Keywords:
public transport, BRT, feeder, urban mobility, transport policyAbstract
The rapid growth of private vehicles in Semarang has not been matched by road capacity, leading to chronic congestion and declining urban environmental quality. In response, the city government introduced the Trans Semarang Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, complemented by feeder services since 2019 to address first mile–last mile challenges. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Trans Semarang feeder in expanding accessibility, enhancing system integration, and reducing dependence on private vehicles. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, combining in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis, framed by Van Meter and Van Horn’s implementation theory and the concept of sustainable urban mobility. The findings show that feeders play a crucial role in connecting residential areas inaccessible to regular buses. However, their effectiveness is constrained by suboptimal stop locations, irregular headways, limited transit facilities, and weak integration of ticketing and information systems. The analysis highlights that feeder success depends heavily on supporting ecosystems: pedestrian access quality, service reliability, and reduced transfer penalties. Policy implications include improving micro-infrastructure, strengthening operational management, integrating fares and information systems, enhancing public communication, and diversifying funding sources. This study concludes that the Trans Semarang feeder has the potential to become a model for inclusive public transport in medium-sized Indonesian cities, provided that consistent and sustained integration strategies are implemented.
References
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Haider, F., Rehman, Z. ur, Khan, A. H., Ilyas, M., & Khan, I. (2021). Performance evaluation of BRT standard in decision support system for integrated transportation policy. Sustainability, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041957
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Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
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Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
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Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
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Azali, I., Gunanto, E. Y. A., & Nugroho, S. B. M. (2018). Preferensi konsumen terhadap transportasi publik (Studi kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v33i1.617
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Delbosc, A., & Currie, G. (2019). The spatial and social dimensions of first-mile barriers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.04.001
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Haider, F., Rehman, Z. ur, Khan, A. H., Ilyas, M., & Khan, I. (2021). Performance evaluation of BRT standard in decision support system for integrated transportation policy. Sustainability, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041957
Ingvardson, J. B., & Nielsen, O. A. (2018). Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – An international review. Transport Reviews, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Azali, I., Gunanto, E. Y. A., & Nugroho, S. B. M. (2018). Preferensi konsumen terhadap transportasi publik (Studi kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v33i1.617
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Haider, F., Rehman, Z. ur, Khan, A. H., Ilyas, M., & Khan, I. (2021). Performance evaluation of BRT standard in decision support system for integrated transportation policy. Sustainability, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041957
Ingvardson, J. B., & Nielsen, O. A. (2018). Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – An international review. Transport Reviews, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Azali, I., Gunanto, E. Y. A., & Nugroho, S. B. M. (2018). Preferensi konsumen terhadap transportasi publik (Studi kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v33i1.617
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Haider, F., Rehman, Z. ur, Khan, A. H., Ilyas, M., & Khan, I. (2021). Performance evaluation of BRT standard in decision support system for integrated transportation policy. Sustainability, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041957
Ingvardson, J. B., & Nielsen, O. A. (2018). Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – An international review. Transport Reviews, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Azali, I., Gunanto, E. Y. A., & Nugroho, S. B. M. (2018). Preferensi konsumen terhadap transportasi publik (Studi kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v33i1.617
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Haider, F., Rehman, Z. ur, Khan, A. H., Ilyas, M., & Khan, I. (2021). Performance evaluation of BRT standard in decision support system for integrated transportation policy. Sustainability, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041957
Ingvardson, J. B., & Nielsen, O. A. (2018). Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – An international review. Transport Reviews, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Azali, I., Gunanto, E. Y. A., & Nugroho, S. B. M. (2018). Preferensi konsumen terhadap transportasi publik (Studi kasus Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Kota Semarang). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v33i1.617
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Septada, B. I., Herawati, A. R., & Maesaroh, M. (2023). Analisis pelayanan BRT Trans Semarang di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v12i3.40071
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
Eboli, L., & Mazzulla, G. (2007). Service quality attributes affecting customer satisfaction for bus transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 10(3), 21–34.
Firdaus, M. (2019). Urbanisasi dan tantangan transportasi berkelanjutan di kota besar Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 30(2), 97–110.
Levinson, H., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J., Gast, J., Rutherford, S., & Bruhn, E. (2003). Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit (TCRP Report 90). Transportation Research Board.
Litman, T. (2017). Evaluating public transit benefits and costs: Best practices guidebook (11 (ed.)). Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Liu, R., Ceder, A., & Chow, L. F. (2010). Integrated public transport solutions for urban mobility: A comparative analysis. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 181–201.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3 (ed.)). Sage.
Policy, I. for T. & D. (2016). The BRT Standard 2016 Edition. ITDP.
Priatama, R. F., & Subowo, A. (2020). Evaluasi pelaksanaan BRT Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 127–141.
Program, T. C. R. (2013). Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (3rd ed., TCRP Report 165). Transportation Research Board.
Purwanto, E. A., & Sulistyastuti, D. R. (2015). Implementasi kebijakan publik: Konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
Rahayu, A., & Widowati, N. (2020). Kualitas pelayanan Trans Semarang Koridor VI Undip–Unnes di Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 80–95.
Semarang, B. P. S. K. (2020). Statistik transportasi Kota Semarang 2017–2019. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Susilo, Y. O., Joewono, T. B., Santosa, W., & Parikesit, D. (2007). A reflection of motorization and public transport in Jakarta metropolitan area. IATSS Research, 31(1), 59–68.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445–488.
Wright, L., & Hook, W. (2013). Bus rapid transit planning guide. ITDP.
Cervero, R. (2013). Bus rapid transit (BRT): An efficient and competitive mode of public transport. Journal of Urban Transport, 19(1), 1–15.
Cervero, R., Murakami, J., & Miller, M. (2017). Transit-oriented development and the urban fabric. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Currie, G. (2006). Bus rapid transit in Australasia: Performance, lessons and prospects. Journal of Public Transportation, 9(3), 1–21.
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