Dignity Through Mobility : Human Rights and the Implementation of Inclusive Tourism in Bandung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30997/jill.v18i1.21714Keywords:
Inclusive Tourism, Disability, Accessibility, Bandung Tourism Policy, Sustainable Development GoalsAbstract
Freedom of tourism, the ability to travel, enjoy leisure, and access destinations, is a fundamental right that should be enjoyed by all individuals, including persons with disabilities. This study evaluates the inclusivity of tourism policies in Bandung City from a human rights perspective, using a socio-legal approach. Normatively, we analyze international and domestic legal frameworks (the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Indonesia’s laws on tourism and disability, and Bandung’s regional policies) to assess commitments to inclusive tourism. In addition to the normative approach, this study also uses on-site observations at three representative tourist destinations in Bandung, namely the heritage district of Jalan Braga, the civic and museum area around Gedung Sate, and the cultural attraction Saung Angklung Udjo. The observations examine the availability and quality of sitest that implement universal design principles, with particular attention to accessibility for persons with disabilities. Results indicate that Bandung’s Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARDA 2012–2025) and related policies and regulations formally recognize the equal rights of persons with disabilities to travel and participate in tourism. Concrete steps towards inclusive tourism are evident, such as the installation of ramps, tactile guiding blocks, braille signage, and accessible toilets at major sites. However, gaps remain between policy and practice, as evident in the three on-sites visit, some facilities are inconsistently provided or poorly maintained, and accessibility standards are not uniformly enforced, limiting full realization of “tourism for all”. The study concludes with several recommendations to strengthen both policy/regulations and their implementation. Key areas need to be strengthened are, enhancing local regulations, improving infrastructure, staff training, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and accessible information systems, to bolster implementation of inclusive tourism and ensure that the right to tourism is fulfilled for everyone. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how urban tourism development can uphold human rights and sustainability principles by being genuinely inclusive.
Downloads
References
Abbate, T., Cesaroni, F., D’Amico, A., Cinici, M. C., Marino, A., Pareschi, L., & Baglieri, D. (2024). Tourism and Disability: An Economic and Managerial Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93612-9
Buhalis, D., & Darcy, S. (2011). Accessible Tourism: Concepts and Issues. Channel View Publications.
Chwaja, K. (2025). Accessibility of tourist attractions for individuals with disabilities. Sustainability, 17(9), 3853. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093853
Darcy, S., & Dickson, T. J. (2009). A whole-of-life approach to tourism: the case for accessible tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 16(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1375/jhtm.16.1.32
Darcy, S., & Green, J. (2011). Inclusive tourism: Facilitating full and equal enjoyment of tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1375/jhtm.18.1.1
Gillovic, B., & McIntosh, A. (2020). Accessibility and inclusive tourism development: Current state and future agenda. Sustainability, 12, 9722. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229722
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021). ISO 21902:2021 Tourism and related services — Accessible tourism for all: Requirements and recommendations. ISO.
Makuyana, T., & Pretorius, L. (2022). Literature profiling on tourism, impairment and disability. Journal of Disability & Tourism Studies. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9772782/
Nigg, J. J. (2024). Leisure constraints towards accessible tourism. Leisure Studies.https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2024.2394965
Open Doors Organization. (2020). Market Study: Travel by Americans with Disabilities 2020. Chicago: Open Doors Organization.
Perangin-Angin, R. (2025). Accessibility as the core of inclusive tourism. Journal of Tourism Management.(Forthcoming). https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2025.2553815
Perangin-Angin, R., Tavakoli, R., & Kusumo, C. (2023). Inclusive tourism: the experiences and expectations of Indonesian wheelchair tourists in nature tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 48(6), 955–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2221092
Pertiwi, S. N. I., & Yudana, G. (2018). Penerapan pendekatan museum inklusif di Museum Gedung Sate, Kota Bandung. Cakra Wisata, 19(1), 39–49.
Reindrawati, D. Y., Noviyanti, U. D. E., Azmi, A., & Wiranti, D. A. (2022). Tourism experiences of people with disabilities: Voices from Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(20), 13310. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013310
Reindrawati, D. Y., Noviyanti, U. D. E., Azmi, A., & Wiranti, D. A. (2025). Disability-Friendly Hospitality Services as a Catalyst for Empowering Inclusive Tourism in Indonesia. Sustainability, 17(9), 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093785
Roestamy, M., Martin, A. Y., Rusli, R. K., & Fulazzaky, M. A. (2022). A review of the reliability of land bank institution in Indonesia for effective land management of public interest. Land Use Policy, 120, 106275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106275
Rochman, G. P., Syaodih, E., & Aji, R. R. (2022). How Accessible is Tourism for People With Disabilities? KnE Social Sciences (Urban and Regional Planning Conference Proceedings), 7(5), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v7i5.12528
Rubio-Escuderos, L., García-Andreu, H., & Buhalis, D. (2021). Perspectives on experiences of tourists with disabilities: implications for their daily lives and for the tourist industry. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1981071
Scheyvens, R., & Biddulph, R. (2018). Inclusive tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1381985
Tomej, K. (2023). Engendering collaborative accessibility through tourism. Annals of Tourism Research.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103624
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York: UN General Assembly.
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (1999). Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Madrid: UNWTO.
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2021). Accessible Tourism for All: Guidelines for Inclusive Destinations.Madrid: UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422491
Yuliati, L. N., & Hartanto, D. (2018). Fulfilment of Disability Rights in Tourism Policy: A Literature Review. Kepariwisataan: Jurnal Ilmiah, 17(3), 204–219.
Laws & Regulations Indonesia. (2009). Law No. 10 of 2009 on Tourism. State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2009 No. 11.
Indonesia. (2011). Law No. 19 of 2011 on the Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2011 No. 107.
Indonesia. (2016). Law No. 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities. State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2016 No. 69.
Indonesia. (2011). Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 on the National Tourism Development Master Plan (2010–2025). State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2011 No. 125.
Indonesia. (2017). Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 14/PRT/M/2017 on Requirements for Building Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities. Jakarta: Ministry of Public Works and Housing.
Indonesia. (2020). Government Regulation No. 42 of 2020 on Accessibility to Buildings and Services for Persons with Disabilities. State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2020 No. 131.
Indonesia. (2021). Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy Regulation No. 9 of 2021 on Sustainable Tourism Destinations. Jakarta: Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy.
Bandung City Government. (2013). Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2013 on the Bandung City Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARDA) 2012–2025. Bandung: Regional Secretariat of Bandung City.
Bandung City Government. (2019). Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2019 on the Protection and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Bandung: Regional Secretariat of Bandung City.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York: United Nations General Assembly. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 JURNAL ILMIAH LIVING LAW
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Ilmiah Living Law agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in Jurnal Ilmiah Living Law.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in Jurnal Ilmiah Living Law.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
